Defensive structures of the Middle Ages were (and are) unique objects both in historical, architectural, and engineering terms. They intertwine the eras of many peoples and ethnic groups. Their development was influenced by a large number of factors. Their detailed analysis is the purpose of this work.
Keywords: defensive structures, architecture, fortress, construction, architectural appearance, stages of development, Kazan yurt
The relevance of the study lies in the fact that historical areas of cities and individual buildings that are objects of historical and architectural heritage were once built on pile foundations. Until the beginning of the 20th century, wooden elements, usually up to 9.0 m long, were laid as piles at the base of buildings and structures, which over a long period of operation received defects and damage in the form of damage by soft rot up to the complete destruction of the heads. The purpose of the work is to study the stress-strain state of the pile foundation at successive stages of development of defects and damage. The work systematizes the results of examinations of wooden piles and other elements located in the ground for a long time; laboratory studies of the actual operation of piles in water-saturated silt-clay soils were carried out. The results of field and laboratory studies are included in the calculation apparatus implemented by the finite element method in an elastoplastic formulation. The authors showed the actual operation of pile foundations of historical and architectural heritage objects at successive stages of pile damage and obtained a calculation model at the stage of complete destruction of the pile heads. Laboratory and theoretical studies have shown that in the modern practice of preserving objects of historical and architectural heritage, there is a vicious practice, which consists in the fact that they often strengthen the foundations in cases where there is no need for this, and sometimes it is even harmful.
Keywords: cultural heritage sites, artificial foundations, piles, wood, water-saturated soils, structures, technical expertise
The defensive structures of the Kazan yurt are unique in both historical and architecturally objects. The era of many peoples and ethnic groups intertwined in them. Their development was influenced by a large number of factors. Their detailed analysis is the purpose of this work.
Keywords: defensive structures, architecture, fortress, construction, architectural appearance, stages of development, Kazan yurt