The Kazan Kremlin is a unique object in its historical heritage. It intertwined epochs of many peoples and ethnic groups. Arising as a parking lot, and then as a Finno-Ugric settlement, it developed as a Bulgarian, Tatar and Russian fortress. The last so-called Russian era is rich in its diversity. References have been preserved in the sources and a lot of literature has been written about it. This publication gives the main points of the development of the fortress in the second half of the 16th - 18th centuries.

Keywords: Kazan Kremlin, fortifications, architecture, fortress, construction, architectural appearance, stages of development

The defensive structures of the Kazan yurt are unique in both historical and architecturally objects. The era of many peoples and ethnic groups intertwined in them. Their development was influenced by a large number of factors. Their detailed analysis is the purpose of this work.

Keywords: defensive structures, architecture, fortress, construction, architectural appearance, stages of development, Kazan yurt

The authors, having examined the main buildings, structures, and amenities located on Lenin Avenue in the capital of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, showed that, although there are almost no old buildings of the pre-revolutionary era in the Ciscaucasian city, it is rich in architectural objects in the pleasant, unpretentious Stalinist Empire style. Nalchik can be called a classic city in the mountains. The peculiarity of the city is a wide and spacious avenue with a high level of greenery, with a high level of improvement. This is the central and longest street in the city. The length is more than five kilometers. Lenin Avenue is an important landmark, which is essential for the city for the normal life of modern society. The center of the capital was formed around the avenue, where squares, residential buildings and public buildings, various establishments, recreation areas, as well as interesting architectural objects are concentrated. Prospect Lenina can be proudly entered into the register of cultural heritage objects as it meets the requirements for classic avenues.

Keywords: architecture, construction, master plan, rectangular grid of streets, wind rose, height above sea level, avenue, town-planning object, building, restoration, square, residential buildings, columns, towers, stucco capitals, Stalinist Empire style, baroque

The problems of formation of eco-tourism objects in the wetlands of Southern Iraq, which have a unique cultural landscape and natural biodiversity, are considered. The aim of the study is to develop methodological and design recommendations for the formation of a hotel model of a tourist dwelling in the swamps in the form of villas-bungalows over water, which has many economic and environmental benefits. As a methodological approach to the formation of a bungalow, the principles of "green architecture" are used, which provide the most acceptable forms of visual and compositional interaction of tourism objects with the natural potential of the wetland landscape. For integration into the natural landscape, possible options for placing “bungalow houses” in the water area of wetlands are proposed. Taking into account the foreign experience of resort construction, several models of bungalows were identified according to the architectural and spatial features and the structural and tectonic solution of the floor roof and external walls. The methodical stages of designing the interiors of the "bungalow over the water" are presented. The main natural and modern environmentally friendly materials for construction are systematized; describes the technology of erection and decoration of the walls of wooden bungalow houses. The presented methodological recommendations make it possible to implement the principles of "green architecture" and can be used to form resort areas in the South of Iraq in order to preserve the natural landscape, using adaptive models of housing for tourists, identical to the huts of the "Marsh Arabs".

Keywords: green architecture, wetland landscape, bungalows above water, design, methods, materials

This article is devoted to the study of the European experience of designing sustainable architecture in the process of renovation of former port-industrial complexes. The purpose of the study is to identify current trends and approaches to the design of sustainable architecture, taking into account the specifics of the place. The analysis of the experience of Denmark, Sweden and Germany in the transformation of former port-industrial complexes in the context of sustainable architecture is carried out according to a number of criteria: urban planning solution, spatial and architectural planning solution, stylization of the image of new buildings, criteria for energy efficiency and environmental friendliness; economic and social sustainability. The emphasis is placed on the study of the formation of the architectural appearance of buildings. The importance of the interaction of architecture with the environment and context when creating a marine facade is emphasized. The identified design approaches can be used in research, design and educational activities.

Keywords: architecture, building, sustainable, eco-friendly, design, port, industrial, renovation, project, function, facade, context, european, approach

The article discusses the architectural and artistic properties of facade cladding materials, which can be used to shape facade solutions. The main architectural and artistic properties and components of finishing materials are revealed, as well as ways of detailing them on a facade structure or element. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the artistic properties of facade materials depend on the expressive features of the surface and ways to change its structure, along with the variety of shapes and ways of its deformation, and the architectural properties lie in the constructive variety of installation and placement of material on the facade plane, as well as in its geometric variability.

Keywords: facade, surface, form, shaping, facing materials, artistic properties

The article discusses solutions to eliminate obsolescence of the Abakan Hotel, while preserving the historical appearance of the building. The main distinguishing features of the architectural image of the hotel are considered, examples of eliminating moral (functional wear) are given: replacement of wooden floors with monolithic reinforced concrete, arrangement of cores, creation of a frame frame in a docked block, creation of a basement floor instead of existing floors on the ground. Objects with the use of similar design solutions are considered. A variant of reconstruction with an attic floor superstructure is proposed.

Keywords: reconstruction, strengthening, Stalin's Empire style, attic floor, preservation of the architectural appearance, seismic impact