The article presents a systematic review of scientific works by domestic and foreign authors devoted to modeling fires in tunnels for various purposes. Using the search results in the databases of scientific publications eLIBRARY.RU and Google Scholar, 30 of the most relevant articles were identified that meet the following criteria: the ability to access the full-text version, the material was published in a peer-reviewed publication, the article has a significant number of citations, and the presence of a description of the results of the authors’ own experiments. An analysis was made of the methodology used in the research, as well as the results of studying fires in transport tunnels (road, railway, subway) and mine workings presented in the works. A classification of publications was carried out according to the types of tunnel structures, cross-sectional shape, subject of research, mathematical model used to describe the processes of heat and mass transfer in a gaseous environment and heating of enclosing structures, software used, validation of experimental data, and the use of scaling in modeling. It has been established that the problems of mathematical modeling of fires in deep tunnel structures, as well as modeling of a fire in a tunnel taking into account the operation of fire protection systems, are poorly studied.

Keywords: fire modeling, tunnel, mathematical model, fire prediction, heat transfer, structures, systematic review

The article discusses the possibilities of using virtual reality technologies to organize fire safety training for schoolchildren. The requirements for the virtual simulator are formulated from the point of view of ensuring the possibility of conducting classes on practicing evacuation skills from the building of a specific educational organization. A functional model of a virtual simulator is presented, built on the basis of the methodology of structural analysis and design, describing the process of developing a virtual space with interactive elements and organizing training for the evacuation of students based on it. A semantic description of the control signals of the functional model, its inputs, mechanisms and outputs is given. The contents of the model subsystems are revealed. Requirements for software, hardware and methodological support for training using virtual reality technologies when conducting fire training are formulated. The concept of creating a digital twin of a building of a general education organization in virtual space is substantiated. Examples of improving virtual space by using the results of mathematical modeling of fire are given. The use of visualization of smoke and flame in virtual space is justified to avoid the occurrence of panic in children during evacuation in fire conditions. Conclusions are drawn about the advantages of the proposed virtual simulator. The prospects for further research and solution to the problem of developing skills for evacuating students from a building of a general education organization in case of fire are listed.

Keywords: virtual reality, virtual simulator, virtual space, fire safety, evacuation, fire training, mathematical modeling of fire, educational technologies, functional modeling